Projection functions for eye detection

In this paper, the generalized projection function (GPF) is defined. Both the integral projection function (IPF) and the variance projection function (VPF) can be viewed as special cases of GPF. Another special case of GPF, i.e. the hybrid projection function (HPF), is developed through experimentally determining the optimal parameters of GPF. Experiments on three face databases show that IPF, VPF, and HPF are all effective in eye detection. Nevertheless, HPF is better than VPF, while VPF is better than IPF. Moreover, IPF is found to be more effective on occidental than on oriental faces, and VPF is more effective on oriental than on occidental faces. Analysis of the detections shows that this effect may be owed to the shadow of the noses and eyeholes of different races of people.